Korede Abdullah 
Executive Secretary, NAS, Dr. Odubanjo (Photo credit: Korede Abdullah/AHR)
LAGOS, Nigeria – At a time when misinformation is spreading rapidly and Nigeria’s health system faces mounting pressure, the role of science has never been more critical. In this exclusive interview with Africa Health Report, Korede Abdullah speaks with the Executive Secretary of the Nigerian Academy of Science, Dr. Mobolaji Odubanjo, a seasoned public health expert with over a decade of experience.
In this wide-ranging conversation, he cuts through the noise—addressing public trust, government responsiveness, and the urgent priorities shaping Nigeria’s health future. His insights offer a candid and unfiltered assessment of where the country stands and the decisive actions needed to move forward.
What is the role of science in shaping health policy in Nigeria?
When we talk about what is called evidence-informed policymaking—specifically, evidence-informed health policymaking—it means that scientific evidence must form the basis upon which health policies are built. For example, in developing vaccination policies, such as for HIV, different analyses must be conducted, including cost-benefit analysis. There was a proposed intervention programme in Lagos years ago involving vaccination, but the key question was: on what basis? It was initially argued that the incidence was high. However, we insisted on conducting a proper study rather than relying on assumptions. The findings showed that the incidence was not high enough to justify a general population vaccination programme.
This is what evidence-informed policy entails—science must be the bedrock. Unfortunately, in most ministries, research departments are either weak or non-functional, and many do not realise that this is the most vital unit. Everything should be driven by findings and analysis from such departments, as that is what ensures effective health policy. During COVID-19, for instance, questions arose about why certain measures, such as lockdowns or curfews, were adopted. Even within Nigeria, responses varied. The key issue is whether decisions are based on evidence or arbitrary choices, and this applies broadly to all health policies.
Where does the system struggle to translate research into real health outcomes?
There are multiple challenges, broadly on the demand and supply sides. On the demand side, policymakers who are expected to use evidence to formulate and implement policies may lack awareness or capacity. Questions arise as to whether they understand science advice or evidence-informed policymaking, and whether they know where and how to access relevant scientific information. Infrastructure is also an issue—basic tools such as internet access and computers may be inadequate.
On the supply side, researchers may not present their findings in a way that policymakers can use. Often, research is published in academic journals that policymakers do not read. This raises questions about science communication—whether researchers understand how to communicate effectively beyond their academic peers. There is also the issue of relevance: are researchers focusing on real societal problems, or pursuing topics that have little policy value? These factors collectively hinder the translation of research into practical health outcomes.
What lessons from COVID-19 are we at risk of forgetting?
We are at risk of forgetting many lessons, if not all. The most fundamental is that inadequate preparedness and prevention can shut down entire systems. This has largely been overlooked. Having experienced such a crisis, attention should return to basic public health principles, particularly environmental health. Are we ensuring proper sanitation? Are we maintaining clean environments and providing potable water? These are essential because future health threats, including viral mutations, can emerge from poor environmental conditions.
Another lesson being forgotten is the value of health workers. During the pandemic, their importance was widely acknowledged. However, many countries have since moved to recruit health workers from poorer regions, recognising their value. This has contributed to ongoing workforce challenges in countries like Nigeria.
What reforms are needed to fix health research funding in Nigeria?
The first reform is a change in mindset, aligned with the idea that “health is wealth.” If health outcomes are poor, economic productivity suffers. Workers fall ill, reducing output, and in cases of chronic illness, additional caregivers are required, further reducing the productive workforce.
Therefore, the most important step is recognising the centrality of health to economic development. Once this is established, it will shape decisions around funding and investment in health research and systems.
Is brain drain a failure of policy or an opportunity, and how can it be reversed?
Brain drain is fundamentally a failure of policy. In public health, we refer to push and pull factors—conditions pushing professionals out and opportunities pulling them abroad. The key issue is whether local conditions are making the environment unattractive, forcing people to leave.
Human beings generally prefer stability and familiarity; most people would rather remain in their home country, close to family and within a familiar environment. Only a few seek migration for adventure. Therefore, if people are leaving in large numbers, it indicates underlying systemic problems that must be addressed.
How realistic is local vaccine and drug production in Nigeria today?
It is very realistic. Strengthening local drug and vaccine production is one of the most effective ways to boost both health security and economic growth. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and global conflicts have shown how disruptions in supply chains can affect access to essential medicines. When a country relies heavily on imports, any disruption can lead to shortages of drugs for conditions such as malaria, hypertension, and diabetes.
Local production addresses two key issues: it enhances health security and reduces the economic burden of importing medicines. However, Nigeria is not doing enough in this regard. The country previously produced some vaccines decades ago but no longer does so, indicating a regression.
What role should African scientific collaboration play in health security?
African scientific collaboration, often referred to as South-South collaboration, is critical. Countries within the region share similar challenges and contexts, making collaboration more practical and effective. Working with neighbouring countries allows for the development of locally appropriate solutions.
Additionally, such collaboration is more cost-effective, as it requires fewer resources compared to engaging experts from more developed countries. This makes it easier to sustain partnerships and achieve meaningful outcomes.
How can scientists rebuild public trust in this era of misinformation?
Scientists need better training in science communication. It is important not only to conduct research but also to communicate findings clearly to the public and policymakers. Scientific information should be presented in accessible ways, not limited to academic circles.
Transparency is also essential. Scientists must be honest about uncertainties, including acknowledging when answers are not yet available. Where there are indications or hypotheses, these should be communicated clearly as non-definitive. Such openness builds trust and credibility with the public.
Is the government truly listening to scientific advice?
A: There are signs of improvement. Over time, there has been increasing interest from the government in seeking scientific input. In the past, researchers often had to push information to policymakers. However, there are now instances where government bodies actively request advice or invite experts to participate in committees.
That said, consistency remains a challenge due to frequent changes in government personnel, which can affect continuity in the use of scientific advice.
What three immediate actions should Nigeria prioritise for its health future?
First is human resources. Without skilled personnel, investments in infrastructure and equipment will not yield results. Addressing the workforce crisis, including brain drain, is essential. Efforts should focus on creating conditions that encourage professionals to remain and work effectively, rather than restricting their movement.
Second is investment in local drug production. Expanding domestic manufacturing capacity will improve health security and reduce dependence on imports.
Third is increased investment in research. Nigeria has significant biodiversity and untapped medicinal resources that require exploration. Research should also address sociocultural factors affecting health and inform urban development strategies. Solutions must be locally driven, and this can only be achieved through sustained research investment.
About the Author
Chukwu Obinna 
Hussaini Ibrahim 
